Forwarded from Russian MFA 🇷🇺
#HistoryOfDiplomacy
📆 #OTD in 1845, Fyodor Martens, a Russian diplomat and famous expert on the history and theory of international law, was born. In Russia he is known above all as the author of Contemporary International Law of Civilised Peoples, a fundamental work that became the first Russian manual on international law.
The future international lawyer was born in Pärnu, Livonia Governorate of the Russian Empire. Having lost his parents when he was a child, he ended up in a St Petersburg orphanage. When he grew up, he was accepted to the law faculty of St Petersburg University thanks to his brilliant academic success.
Later he taught at his alma mater, as well as a number of other leading educational institutions of the Russian Empire. In 1869, he joined the Russian Foreign Ministry, and in 1881 became a permanent member of the Ministry Board. He participated in the Brussels Conference on the Codification of Laws and Customs of War on Land and represented Russia at international conferences of the Red Cross, the Brussels Conference on African Affairs, and many other important international venues.
Holding the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 at Russia’s initiative was among Martens’ most important achievements. At the first conference, the Russian expert developed the principles for peaceful resolution of international disputes, and at the second, he led a commission on maritime law, which made a significant contribution to the development of this area of international law.
A provision formulated by Martens was first recorded in the preamble to the Hague Convention of 1899, under which the parties to an armed conflict must first of all be guided by the principles of humanity and the requirements of public conscience (the so-called Martens clause). The theoretical innovations of the Russian diplomat also laid the foundation of the Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
📆 #OTD in 1845, Fyodor Martens, a Russian diplomat and famous expert on the history and theory of international law, was born. In Russia he is known above all as the author of Contemporary International Law of Civilised Peoples, a fundamental work that became the first Russian manual on international law.
The future international lawyer was born in Pärnu, Livonia Governorate of the Russian Empire. Having lost his parents when he was a child, he ended up in a St Petersburg orphanage. When he grew up, he was accepted to the law faculty of St Petersburg University thanks to his brilliant academic success.
Later he taught at his alma mater, as well as a number of other leading educational institutions of the Russian Empire. In 1869, he joined the Russian Foreign Ministry, and in 1881 became a permanent member of the Ministry Board. He participated in the Brussels Conference on the Codification of Laws and Customs of War on Land and represented Russia at international conferences of the Red Cross, the Brussels Conference on African Affairs, and many other important international venues.
Holding the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 at Russia’s initiative was among Martens’ most important achievements. At the first conference, the Russian expert developed the principles for peaceful resolution of international disputes, and at the second, he led a commission on maritime law, which made a significant contribution to the development of this area of international law.
A provision formulated by Martens was first recorded in the preamble to the Hague Convention of 1899, under which the parties to an armed conflict must first of all be guided by the principles of humanity and the requirements of public conscience (the so-called Martens clause). The theoretical innovations of the Russian diplomat also laid the foundation of the Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
Forwarded from Russian MFA 🇷🇺
#HistoryOfDiplomacy
📜 On September 2, 911, the first written peace treaty was signed between Rus’ and the Byzantine Empire.
This document was one of the first diplomatic acts of our country, and the oldest written source of Russian law.
⚔️ The agreement was signed after Prince Oleg’s successful campaign against Constantinople. It established “peace and love” between Rus’ and Byzantium, and envisaged responsibility for various violations and penalties for them.
❗️ By signing the agreement the rapidly developing ancient Russian state achieved a major diplomatic victory. It strengthened relations between the two powers, and reinforced the position of Rus’ in the Black Sea.
📜 On September 2, 911, the first written peace treaty was signed between Rus’ and the Byzantine Empire.
This document was one of the first diplomatic acts of our country, and the oldest written source of Russian law.
⚔️ The agreement was signed after Prince Oleg’s successful campaign against Constantinople. It established “peace and love” between Rus’ and Byzantium, and envisaged responsibility for various violations and penalties for them.
❗️ By signing the agreement the rapidly developing ancient Russian state achieved a major diplomatic victory. It strengthened relations between the two powers, and reinforced the position of Rus’ in the Black Sea.
Forwarded from Russian MFA 🇷🇺
📅 On February 4, 1945, the Yalta (Crimean) Conference commenced. It was the second meeting of all anti-Hitler coalition countries leaders: Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill & Franklin Roosevelt.
Yalta hosted the conference when successful strategic offensives by the Red Army had liberated the Soviet territories as well as several European nations from fascist occupation. Just on February 3, the Vistula-Oder Operation had concluded, while the Western Carpathian & East Prussian operations were in full swing, marking the final stages of the war against Nazi Germany.
📜 The leaders approved key international documents, including the Declaration of Liberated Europe & documents outlining the fundamental principles for the creation of the UN, which laid the foundation for post-war international relations & defined the contours of the post-war world order.
Certain issues regarding post-war Germany were also resolved. Conference participants expressed their unwavering determination to eliminate German militarism & Nazism. They agreed on France's participation in addressing the German issue, defining the borders of Poland, outlines of the future Polish government & the conditions for the USSR's entry into the war against Japan.
The tremendous growth in the international authority of the Soviet Union, bolstered by the outstanding achievements of the Red Army, had a significant influence on the course & outcomes of the negotiations.
🤝 The Yalta Conference of the leaders of the USSR, the USA, and the UK held immense historical significance, being one of the key summits of the Second World War. It demonstrated the readiness for cooperation & compromise among the three allied powers in their fight against the common enemy.
❗️ The decisions of the Yalta Conference strengthened the anti-fascist coalition in the final stages of the war & contributed to the victory over Germany. In the post-war years Soviet diplomacy largely focused on Implementing the conference's decisions.
#HistoryOfDiplomacy #WeWereAllies
Yalta hosted the conference when successful strategic offensives by the Red Army had liberated the Soviet territories as well as several European nations from fascist occupation. Just on February 3, the Vistula-Oder Operation had concluded, while the Western Carpathian & East Prussian operations were in full swing, marking the final stages of the war against Nazi Germany.
📜 The leaders approved key international documents, including the Declaration of Liberated Europe & documents outlining the fundamental principles for the creation of the UN, which laid the foundation for post-war international relations & defined the contours of the post-war world order.
Certain issues regarding post-war Germany were also resolved. Conference participants expressed their unwavering determination to eliminate German militarism & Nazism. They agreed on France's participation in addressing the German issue, defining the borders of Poland, outlines of the future Polish government & the conditions for the USSR's entry into the war against Japan.
The tremendous growth in the international authority of the Soviet Union, bolstered by the outstanding achievements of the Red Army, had a significant influence on the course & outcomes of the negotiations.
🤝 The Yalta Conference of the leaders of the USSR, the USA, and the UK held immense historical significance, being one of the key summits of the Second World War. It demonstrated the readiness for cooperation & compromise among the three allied powers in their fight against the common enemy.
❗️ The decisions of the Yalta Conference strengthened the anti-fascist coalition in the final stages of the war & contributed to the victory over Germany. In the post-war years Soviet diplomacy largely focused on Implementing the conference's decisions.
#HistoryOfDiplomacy #WeWereAllies
Forwarded from Russian MFA 🇷🇺
🇺🇳 #OTD in 1945, a conference at which the United Nations was established and its Charter approved started in San Francisco. It was attended by 850 delegates from 50 states.
The idea to create an efficient universal security organisation emerged at the early stages of World War II. Its discussion intensified in 1943 against the backdrop of the Red Army’s victories over the Nazis near Stalingrad and on the Kursk Bulge.
The leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition drafted the foundations and structure of the future UN. The final decision to convene a conference in San Francisco was made at the Yalta meeting of the heads of the Big Three (the USSR, the US and Great Britain).
✍️ Proceeding from the proposals formulated at the Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944, the delegates agreed on procedural matters and endorsed the main bodies of the UN and the principles of their operation. They also discussed the formation of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the International Court and the UN Secretariat.
The Soviet delegation took a most active part in the work of the conference. It was first headed by People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov and later by Soviet Ambassador to the US Andrey Gromyko. Here are the key achievements of Soviet diplomacy in San Francisco:
✔️ Inclusion into the UN Charter of the provisions on the need to settle and resolve international disputes by peaceful means;
✔️ The sealing in the Charter of the Security Council voting procedure that was agreed upon at the Yalta conference;
✔️ The inclusion of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics into the UN founding fathers.
☝️ The conference in San Francisco demonstrated the unity of the international community after the hard trials of World War II. The decisions adopted at that time laid a foundation for the postwar world order and created an effective mechanism for mutual international deterrence, which has allowed the world to avoid global conflicts for many decades.
#HistoryOfDiplomacy
The idea to create an efficient universal security organisation emerged at the early stages of World War II. Its discussion intensified in 1943 against the backdrop of the Red Army’s victories over the Nazis near Stalingrad and on the Kursk Bulge.
The leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition drafted the foundations and structure of the future UN. The final decision to convene a conference in San Francisco was made at the Yalta meeting of the heads of the Big Three (the USSR, the US and Great Britain).
✍️ Proceeding from the proposals formulated at the Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944, the delegates agreed on procedural matters and endorsed the main bodies of the UN and the principles of their operation. They also discussed the formation of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the International Court and the UN Secretariat.
The Soviet delegation took a most active part in the work of the conference. It was first headed by People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov and later by Soviet Ambassador to the US Andrey Gromyko. Here are the key achievements of Soviet diplomacy in San Francisco:
✔️ Inclusion into the UN Charter of the provisions on the need to settle and resolve international disputes by peaceful means;
✔️ The sealing in the Charter of the Security Council voting procedure that was agreed upon at the Yalta conference;
✔️ The inclusion of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics into the UN founding fathers.
☝️ The conference in San Francisco demonstrated the unity of the international community after the hard trials of World War II. The decisions adopted at that time laid a foundation for the postwar world order and created an effective mechanism for mutual international deterrence, which has allowed the world to avoid global conflicts for many decades.
#HistoryOfDiplomacy